Social Foundations of Computation
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The collective plants a hidden rare signal in the data and exploits the signal at test time. Success grows rapidly as a function of the fraction of workers participating. Experiments with language models on freelancer resumes confirm our theoretical prediction.
Algorithmic Collective Action in Machine Learning

We propose a theoretical model of algorithmic collective action. Participating workers modify their data in a coordinated manner in order to steer the learning algorithm toward a desired outcome. Even small collectives can have significant influence [].
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Social Foundations of Computation
Algorithms and Society
Conference Paper
Algorithmic Collective Action in Machine Learning
Hardt, M., Mazumdar, E., Mendler-Dünner, C., Zrnic, T.
In Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML 2023), PMLR, The Forty International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), July 2023 (Published)
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