@article{Spiers23-TOCHI-S-BAN,
  title = {The {S-BAN}: Insights into the Perception of Shape-Changing Haptic Interfaces via Virtual Pedestrian Navigation},
  journal = {ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction},
  abstract = {Screen-based pedestrian navigation assistance can be distracting or inaccessible to users. Shape-changing haptic interfaces can overcome these concerns. The S-BAN is a new handheld haptic interface that utilizes a parallel kinematic structure to deliver 2-DOF spatial information over a continuous workspace, with a form factor suited to integration with other travel aids. The ability to pivot, extend and retract its body opens possibilities and questions around spatial data representation. We present a static study to understand user perception of absolute pose and relative motion for two spatial mappings, showing highest sensitivity to relative motions in the cardinal directions. We then present an embodied navigation experiment in virtual reality. User motion efficiency when guided by the S-BAN was statistically equivalent to using a vision-based tool (a smartphone proxy). Although haptic trials were slower than visual trials, participants' heads were more elevated with the S-BAN, allowing greater visual focus on the environment.},
  volume = {30},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--31},
  month = mar,
  year = {2023},
  slug = {spiers23-tochi-s-ban},
  author = {Spiers, Adam J. and Young, Eric and Kuchenbecker, Katherine J.},
  month_numeric = {3}
}