Water anomalies: from ice age to carbon

Technological advances in laser and vacuum technology have allowed realizing a dream of the early days of quantum mechanics: controlling single, laser-cooled atoms at a quantum level. Interfacing individual atoms with ultracold gases offer new experimental approaches to unsolved problems of nonequilibrium quantum physics. Moreover, such systems allow experimentally addressing the question if and how quantum properties can boost the performance of atomic-scale devices. In this talk, I will discuss how single atoms can be controlled and probed in an ultracold gas. Understanding the impurity-gas interaction at the atomic level allows employing inelastic spinexchange collisions, which are usually considered harmful, for quantum applications. First, I will show how the inelastic spin-exchange can map information about the gas temperature or the surrounding magnetic field to the quantum-spin distribution of single impurity atoms. Interestingly, the nonequilibrium spin dynamics before reaching the steady-state increases the sensitivity of the probe while reducing the perturbation of the gas compared to the steady-state. Second, I will discuss how the quantized energy transfer during inelastic collisions allows operating a single-atom quantum engine. We over-come the limitations imposed by using thermal states and run a quantum-enhanced Otto cycle operating at orders of magnitude larger powers compared to a thermal case, alternating between positive and negative temperature regimes at maximum efficiency. I will discuss the properties of the engine as well as limitations originating from the quantum aspects resulting in fluctuations of power.